Knowledge Hiding in Small Medium Enterprise Owned by Family Business: The Role of Knowledge Complexity, Psychological Ownership and Avoidance Motivation

William Widjaja; Devi Rahnjen Wijayadne

doi:10.56444/mem.v38i1.3030

Knowledge Hiding in Small Medium Enterprise Owned by Family Business: The Role of Knowledge Complexity, Psychological Ownership and Avoidance Motivation

William Widjaja, Devi Rahnjen Wijayadne

Abstract

This study aims to formulate and answer phenomena related to the competitiveness of family business-based SMEs in the era of disruption from the perspective of knowledge hiding bevahior (KHB), which is influenced by knowledge complexity (KC), psychological ownership (PO) and moderated by avoidance motivation. This research is a survey research type with a quantitative approach. The analytical technique used is SEM-PLS with the help of analysis tools using SMART-PLS 3.0. In addition, simple slope analysis is used to see the moderating role of avoidance motivation in moderating the effect of psychological ownership on knowledge hiding. Respondents in this study were 187-line managers from 78 SMEs. The sampling technique used was non-probability sampling with a saturated sampling method. The results showed that all hypotheses were accepted, which means that psychological ownership has a positive and significant effect on knowledge sharing, and avoidance motivation can moderate psychological ownership on knowledge sharing. This study contributes to examine the source and effect KHB, thereby providing a method for SMEs, particularly in Indonesia, to effectively reduce KHB. This study also finds AM as a moderating variable that modulates the effect of KC on KH, whereas this was rarely explored in earlier study.

Full Text:

PDF

References

Azizi, M., Bidgoli, M. S., & Taheri, A. (2021). The effect of ownership and management structure on family businesses performance. Cogent Business and Management, 8(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2021.1872888

Bock, G.-W., Zmud, R. W., Kim, Y.-G., & Lee, J.-N. (2005). Behavioral Intention Formation in Knowledge Sharing: Examining the Roles of Extrinsic Motivators, Social-Psychological Forces, and Organizational Climate. Source: MIS Quarterly, 29(1), 87–111.

Caputo, A., Ayoko, O. B., Amoo, N., & Menke, C. (2019). The relationship between cultural values, cultural intelligence and negotiation styles. Journal of Business Research, 99, 23–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.02.011

Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral Inhibition, Behavioral Activation, and Affective Responses to Impending Reward and Punishment: The BIS/BAS Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(2), 319–333.

Černe, M., Nerstad, C. G. L., Dysvik, A., & Skerlavaj, M. (2012). What goes around comes around: Knowledge hiding, perceived motivational climate, and creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 57(1), 1–52.

Chirico, F. (2008). Knowledge Accumulation in Family Firms: Evidence from Four Case Studies. International Small Business Journal, 26(4), 433–462.

Christa, U. R., & Kristinae, V. (2021). The effect of product innovation on business performance during covid 19 pandemic. Uncertain Supply Chain Management, 9(1), 151–158. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.uscm.2020.10.006

Connelly, B. L., Certo, S. T., Ireland, R. D., & Reutzel, C. R. (2011). Signaling Theory: A Review and Assessment. Journal of Management, 37(1), 39–67. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206310388419

Connelly, C. E., & Zweig, D. (2015). How perpetrators and targets construe knowledge hiding in organizations. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 24(3), 479–489. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2014.931325

Cruz, A. D. (2020). Rethinking entrepreneurship and family business research in Honduras: a closer look in times of crisis. Innovare: Revista de Ciencia y Tecnología, 9(1), 28–38. https://doi.org/10.5377/innovare.v9i1.9658

Davis, J. H., David Schoorman, F., & Donaldson, L. (1997). Toward a Stewardship Theory of Management. Academy of Management Review, 22(1), 20–47.

Elliot, A. J., Gable, S. L., & Mapes, R. R. (2006). Approach and avoidance motivation in the social domain. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(3), 378–391. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167205282153

Elliot, A. J., & Thrash, T. M. (2002). Approach-avoidance motivation in personality: Approach and avoidance temperaments and goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(5), 804–818. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.5.804

Ensley, M. D., & Pearson, A. W. (2005). An Exploratory Comparison of the Behavioral Dynamics of Top Management Teams in Family and Nonfamily New Ventures: Cohesion, Conflict, Potency, and Consesus. ET&P, 267–284.

Ferris, D. L., Johnson, R. E., Rosen, C. C., Djurdjevic, E., Chang, C. H., & Tan, J. A. (2013). When is success not satisfying? Integrating regulatory focus and approach/avoidance motivation theories to explain the relation between core self-evaluation and job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98(2), 342–353. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029776

Fitz-Koch, S., Cooper, S., & Discua Cruz, A. (2019). Entrepreneurship and Rural Family Identity: Understanding Portfolio Development in a Family Farm Business. In The Family Business Group Phenomenon (pp. 353–383). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98542-8_14

Gagné, M. (2009). A model of knowledge-sharing motivation. Human Resource Management, 48(4), 571–589. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20298

Gimenez-Fernandez, E. M., Beukel, K., Tyler, B. B., Spielmann, N., Cerrato, D., Discua Cruz, A. F., & Minciullo, M. (2021). Should we patent it or keep it a secret? The moderating role of proactive orientation in family versus non-family SMEs. International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship, 39(5), 450–473. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242620965394

Grant, R. M. (1996). Toward a Knowledge-Based Theory of The Firm. Strategic Management Journal, 17(Winter Special Issue), 109–122.

Haas, M. R., & Park, S. (2010). To share or not to share? Professional norms, reference groups, and information withholding among life scientists. Organization Science, 21(4), 873–891. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1090.0500

Hadjielias, E., Christofi, M., & Tarba, S. (2022). Contextualizing small business resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from small business owner-managers. Small Business Economics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-021-00588-0

Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, Marko. (2017). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM).

Hassan, Y. (2019). Knowledge Hiding in Organizations: Everything that Managers Need to Know Article in Development and Learning in Organizations · Management Religion & Spirituality View project Perceived Diversity and Turnover Intentions View project. Development and Learning in Organizations: An International Journal, 1–12. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332736617

Howorth, C., Jackson, J., & Cruz, A. D. (2014). Entrepreneurship in Family Business. In Handbook of Research on Small Business and Entrepreneurship (pp. 333–357).

Howorth, C., & Robinson, N. (2021). Family Business; First Edition.

James, A. E., Jennings, J. E., & Jennings, P. D. (2017). Is It Better to Govern Managers via Agency or Stewardship? Examining Asymmetries by Family Versus Nonfamily Affiliation. Family Business Review, 30(3), 262–283. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486517717532

Joshi, A., Kale, S., Chandel, S., & Pal, D. (2015). Likert Scale: Explored and Explained. British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 7(4), 396–403. https://doi.org/10.9734/bjast/2015/14975

Khan, M. A., & Malik, O. F. (2021). The Mediating - Moderating Model of Interpersonal Conflict and Knowledge Hiding: Evidence from Advertising Agencies. Global Regional Review, VI(IV), 40–49.

Kumar Jha, J., & Varkkey, B. (2018). Are you a cistern or a channel? Exploring factors triggering knowledge-hiding behavior at the workplace: evidence from the Indian R&D professionals. Journal of Knowledge Management, 22(4), 824–849. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-02-2017-0048

le Breton-Miller, I., & Miller, D. (2009). Agency vs. Stewardship in Public Family Firms: A Social Embeddedness Reconciliation. ET&P, 1169–1191.

Lobley, M., Baker, J. R., & Whitehead, I. (2016). Keeping It in The Family. Routledge.

Makhija, M. (2003). Comparing the resource-based and market-based views of the firm: Empirical evidence from Czech privatization. Strategic Management Journal, 24(5), 433–451. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.304

Martín-de Castro, G., López-Sáez, P., & Delgado-Verde, M. (2011). Towards a knowledge-based view of firm innovation. Theory and empirical research. Journal of Knowledge Management, 15(6), 871–874. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673271111179253

Mejri, K., MacVaugh, J. A., & Tsagdis, D. (2018). Knowledge configurations of small and medium-sized knowledge-intensive firms in a developing economy: A knowledge-based view of business-to-business internationalization. Industrial Marketing Management, 71, 160–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2017.12.018

Neubaum, G., & Krämer, N. C. (2017). Monitoring the Opinion of the Crowd: Psychological Mechanisms Underlying Public Opinion Perceptions on Social Media. Media Psychology, 20(3), 502–531. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2016.1211539

Peng, H., & Pierce, J. (2015). Job- and organization-based psychological ownership: Relationship and outcomes. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30(2), 151–168. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-07-2012-0201

Peng, J., Wang, Z., & Chen, X. (2019). Does Self-Serving Leadership Hinder Team Creativity? A Moderated Dual-Path Model. Journal of Business Ethics, 159(2), 419–433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3799-0

Pérez-Luño, A., Bojica, A. M., & Golapakrishnan, S. (2019). When more is less: The role of cross-functional integration, knowledge complexity and product innovation in firm performance. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 39(1), 94–115. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOPM-04-2017-0251

Pierce, J. L., Kostova, T., & Dirks, K. T. (2003). The State of Psychological Ownership: Integrating and Extending a Century of Research. Review of General Psychology, 7(1), 84–107. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.7.1.84

Scuotto, V., Nespoli, C., Tran, P. T., & Cappiello, G. (2022). An alternative way to predict knowledge hiding: The lens of transformational leadership. Journal of Business Research, 140, 76–84.

Sparrow, J. (2001). Knowledge Management in Small Firms. Knowledge and Process Management, 8(1), 3–16.

Steinel, W., van Kleef, G. A., van Knippenberg, D., Hogg, M. A., Homan, A. C., & Moffitt, G. (2010). How intragroup dynamics affect behavior in intergroup conflict: The role of group norms, prototypicality, and need to belong. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 13(6), 779–794. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430210375702

Šūmane, S., Kunda, I., Knickel, K., Strauss, A., Tisenkopfs, T., Rios, I. des I., Rivera, M., Chebach, T., & Ashkenazy, A. (2018). Local and farmers’ knowledge matters! How integrating informal and formal knowledge enhances sustainable and resilient agriculture. Journal of Rural Studies, 59, 232–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.01.020

Tallman, S. B. (1991). Strategic Management Models and Resource-Based Strategies Among MNEs in A Host Market. Strategic Management Journal, 12, 69–82.

Vallejo, M. C. (2009). The effects of commitment of non-family employees of family firms from the perspective of stewardship theory. Journal of Business Ethics, 87(3), 379–390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9926-6

Wang, L., Law, K. S., Zhang, M. J., Li, Y. N., & Liang, Y. (2019). It’s Mine! psychological ownership of one’s job explains positive and negative workplace outcomes of job engagement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 104(2), 229–246. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000337

Xiao, M., & Cooke, F. L. (2019). Why and when knowledge hiding in the workplace is harmful: a review of the literature and directions for future research in the Chinese context. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 57(4), 470–502. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12198

Yu, C., Yu, T. F., & Yu, C. C. (2013). Knowledge sharing, organizational climate, and innovative behavior: A cross-level analysis of effects. Social Behavior and Personality, 41(1), 143–156. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2013.41.1.143

Yuan, Y., Yang, L., Cheng, X., & Wei, J. (2020). What is bullying hiding? Exploring antecedents and potential dimension of knowledge hiding. Journal of Knowledge Management, 25(5), 1146–1169. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-04-2020-0256

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.56444/mem.v38i1.3030